The influence of Yiddish began to be felt with the appearance of Dutch books by Jewish authors, which contained Yiddish expressions. Besides such common words as Satan, cherubijn, etc., there are expressions like " met de mantel der liefde bedekken" ("to cover with the coat of love"), borrowed from the story of Noah (Gen. Expressions deriving from this translation are still current in literature and colloquial usage. The influence of the Statenbijbel on the Dutch language can not be overestimated. This literary style is known as Revisme ("Revism"). From the 1960s onwards, poet and novelist Gerard Kornelis van het Reve (1923– ) created an original poetic aesthetic, mixing the language and imagery of the Statenbijbel with Roman Catholic mysticism and explicit references to homosexuality. As a literary topos, the Bible can be found in the works of novelists Maarten 't Hart, Nicolaas Matsier, and Desanne van Brederode. In 1990 Wolkers published Op de vleugelen der profeten ("On the Wings of Prophets"), essays on the beauty of the Bible. In mainstream fiction, Biblical themes have almost disappeared, the work of author and artist Jan Wolkers (1925–) being the most notable exception. The Bible and the land of the Bible provide the themes of some of the writing of Roman Catholic poet Bertus Aafjes, notably his poem In den Beginne (1949) and his novels, Vorstin onder de landschappen ("Empress Among Landscapes," 1952) and Arenlezers achter de maaiers ("Gleaners Behind the Reapers," 1952).ĭuring the 20 th century Protestant religion lost its prominence in Dutch society. de Bruin, published Job, a dramatic adaptation of the Book of Job. The poet Albert Besnard composed an epic poem about the history of the Jewish people called Drama (1959). Rutten, who wrote Hagar (1917) and the Flemish poet René de Clercq, the author of biblical stories in verse form such as Thamar (1917). van den Eerenbeemt, the author of Judith (1916) F. ten Kate wrote De Schepping ("The Creation," 1866).ĭutch biblical dramatists of the 20 th century include H. In the 19 th century, Allard Pierson published Israel, the first part of his study Geestelijke Voorouders ("Spiritual Ancestors," 1887–91) and J.L. In the late 18 th century, Willem Bilderdijk wrote some biblical poetry, while Arnold Hoogvliet composed an epic entitled Abraham de Aartsvader ("Abraham the Patriarch," 1729). The last work can be compared to *Milton's Paradise Lost.Īfter the 17 th century there was a sharp decline in interest in biblical subjects. Outstanding among these authors was Joost van den Vondel, who wrote Joseph in Dothan (1640), Joseph in Egypten (1640), Salomon (1648), Jephta (1659), Samson (1660), and Adam in Ballingschap ("Adam in Exile," 1664). During the 15 th century, biblical drama flourished in the many chambers of rhetoric ( Rederijkerskamers) and later poets such as Carel van Mander (1548–1606) and Dirck Volkertszon Coornhert (1522–1590) wrote a number of biblical plays. Humanists and Reformers promoted the study of Hebrew in the Low Countries during the 16 th century, particularly in such circles as that of the humanist Antwerp printer Christophe *Plantin (1514–1589), who at one time was obliged to move to Leiden. Among the many poetic adaptations of the Psalms composed in these times were those of authors such as Philips van Marnix van Sint Aldegonde (1540–1588), and the poets Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft (1581–1647) and Constantijn Huygens (1596–1678). The war against Spain was likened to Israel's war against her enemies. In a famous poem which later became the Dutch national anthem, "Wilhelmus van Nassouwe," Prince William of Orange was compared to David, king of Israel. The Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) led to a new and powerful interest in the Bible as a source of inspiration for a national Dutch identity, which was at that time beginning to assert itself. The original Statenbijbel translation project was one high point in the cultural revolution that brought Calvinism and Humanism to Holland. Similar to its English-language counterpart, the King James Version, the Statenbijbel has enriched the Dutch language with countless beautiful and poetic similes, expressions, and metaphors, most of which are still in use in present-day Dutch. It was completed during the years 1627–37. They stated their desire to protect the language and imagery of the Statenbijbel, the official translation of the Bible which was commissioned by the Dutch Reformed Church in the early 17 th century. Many participants in the discussion lamented the sometimes radical choices the translators had made to rephrase the biblical stories into a modern vernacular. At the core was the major influence of the Bible on Dutch culture and linguistics. The arrival, on October 27, 2004, of the Nieuwe Bijbelvertaling, a completely new translation into Dutch of the Bible and the Christian Apocrypha, initiated a fierce debate in Dutch literary circles.
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